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托福閱讀背景知識：14世紀歐洲經(jīng)濟危機

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在2014年4月27日的托福閱讀考試中有這樣一道題：14世紀歐洲經(jīng)濟危機。針對這道托福考題，新東方謝真真老師來為大家普及一下關于14世紀歐洲經(jīng)濟危機的背景知識，這樣有助于考生在面對這類題目時方便作答，同時謝真真老師指出：在閱讀時重點關注原因是什么以及如何發(fā)揮作用的。

托福閱讀真題再現(xiàn)：

版本一：

14世紀歐洲城市的發(fā)展(原諒我的記憶力全部沉浸在聽力的悲傷中)!有幾個原因，climate改變，人口激增不能滿足食物的供應，政治因素導致農(nóng)民失去土地，**后是說農(nóng)民的居民都跑到城市來找工作了導致城市變大

版本二：

歐洲19世紀經(jīng)濟銳減的原因。氣候變冷，新上位的政府切斷了本來和亞洲貿(mào)易的路線，還有一點好像是很多租地的農(nóng)民因為氣溫下降沒有更多的錢付租金 然后負債，然后說很多國家當時都負債累累，舉了英國兩大銀行為例。其他記不清了

版本三：

歐洲14世紀的經(jīng)濟危機(由于氣候變化對農(nóng)業(yè)有很大影響倒是對經(jīng)濟的adverse effect)

新東方謝真真老師解析：

本文涉及到14世紀歐洲經(jīng)濟危機，疑似重復20121019NA題，主要內(nèi)容涉及到歐洲經(jīng)濟危機產(chǎn)生的原因，是因果型文章，在閱讀時重點關注原因是什么以及如何發(fā)揮作用的。

托福閱讀背景知識：

Some scholars contend that at the beginning of the 14th century, Europe had become overpopulated. By the 14th century frontiers had ceased to expand and internal colonization was coming to an end, but population levels remained high.

The Medieval Warm Period ended sometime towards the end of the 13th century, bringing the "Little Ice Age" and harsher winters with reduced harvests. In Northern Europe, new technological innovations such as the heavy plough and the three-field system were not as effective in clearing new fields for harvest as they were in the Mediterranean because the north had poor, clay-like soil.[8] Food shortages and rapidly inflating prices were a fact of life for as much as a century before the plague. Wheat, oats, hay and consequently livestock, were all in short supply. Their scarcity resulted in malnutrition, which increases susceptibility to infections due to weakened immunity. In the autumn of 1314, heavy rains began to fall, which were the start of several years of cold and wet winters.[8] The already weak harvests of the north suffered and the seven-year famine ensued. In the years 1315 to 1317 a catastrophic famine, known as the Great Famine, struck much of North West Europe. It was arguably the worst in European history, perhaps reducing the population by more than 10%.

Most governments instituted measures that prohibited exports of foodstuffs, condemned black market speculators, set price controls on grain and outlawed large-scale fishing. At best, they proved mostly unenforceable and at worst they contributed to a continent-wide downward spiral. The hardest hit lands, like England, were unable to buy grain abroad: from France because of the prohibition, and from most of the rest of the grain producers because of crop failures from shortage of labour. Any grain that could be shipped was eventually taken by pirates or looters to be sold on the black market. Meanwhile, many of the largest countries, most notably England and Scotland, had been at war, using up much of their treasury and exacerbating inflation. In 1337, on the eve of the first wave of the Black Death, England and France went to war in what became known as the Hundred Years War. This situation was worsened when landowners and monarchs such as Edward III of England (r. 1327–1377) and Philip VI of France (r. 1328–1350), raised the fines and rents of their tenants out of a fear that their comparatively high standard of living would decline.

The European economy entered a vicious circle in which hunger and chronic, low-level debilitating disease reduced the productivity of labourers, and so the grain output was reduced, causing grain prices to increase. Standards of living fell drastically, diets grew more limited, and Europeans as a whole experienced more health problems.

When a typhoid epidemic emerged, many thousands died in populated urban centres, most significantly Ypres (now in Belgium). In 1318 a pestilence of unknown origin, sometimes identified as anthrax, targeted the animals of Europe, notably sheep and cattle, further reducing the food supply and income of the peasantry.

(責任編輯：許爽)

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