發(fā)布時間: 2017年05月08日
諸君,上回說到了從句,其特點即其名字“從”與“句”兩個字。吃柿子揀軟的,先拿最簡單的“狀語從句”開刀。
從句的從屬地位,表現(xiàn)為結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子只相當于一個詞的地位,根據(jù)其所相當?shù)脑~性,分別為形容詞從句,副詞從句和名詞從句。
形容詞從句可作也只作定語,故等于定語從句;副詞從句可作也只作狀語,故為狀語從句,而名詞從句可作不同的成分,因而還只能叫名詞從句,依其所作成分不同分別為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
副詞從句作狀語,往往修飾的是謂語動詞或者整個句子,因此不像定語從句或名詞從句一樣與某一個部分糾結(jié)在一起。它往往與主句相對,與主句界限分明。位于句首時,狀語從句還常以逗號與主句分開。
I’ve brought my umbrella in case it rains.
I’ve brought my umbrella because it is raining.
I’ve brought my umbrella so that I don’t get wet.
I’ve brought my umbrella even though it’s not raining.
You don’t need an umbrella unless it is raining.
副詞從句的從屬連詞標志從句的存在;表示從句與主句之間的邏輯關(guān)系;從屬連詞不是從句的組成成分,后跟一個結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子。所以對于副詞從句,關(guān)鍵是要找到從屬連詞,判斷其表示與主句屬于何種關(guān)系。
從屬連詞歸納
副詞從句與從句的關(guān)系多種多樣,表示這種關(guān)系的從屬連詞也隨之多種多樣。歸納如下:
副詞從句種類 常用連接詞 特殊連接詞
時間狀語從句
when, while, as, before,
After, since, till, until, as soon as 一些時間名詞:the moment, the instant, the day, the minute, next time, every time;
一些副詞:instantly, immediately, directly;
固定搭配的連詞:no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when.
地點狀語從句 Where wherever, anywhere, everywhere
原因狀語從句 because, as, for, since seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, inasmuch as, insomuch as
目的狀語從句 so that, on order that, that lest, for fear that, in case;
In the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that
結(jié)果狀語從句 so…that, so that, such…that such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that
條件狀語從句 if, unless suppose, supposing, providing, provided(supposed, provide非從句連詞)
sn condition that, so long as, as long as
讓步狀語從句 although, though, even though, even if while(一般用于句首),as(用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))
Wh-ever: whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whether…or…
as adj. 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)用于句首
比較狀語從句 as, than 其他比較句型:the more…the more; just as…, so…; A is to B what/as C is to D; no more… than; not A so much as B/not so much A as B
方式狀語從句 as, the way
時間狀語從句
表示將來時間時,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時
I’ll speak to him when he arrives. (when he will arrive*)
When I fall in love, it’ll be forever, or I’ll never fall in love. When I give my heart, it’ll be complete, or I’ll never give my heart.
*表“將來”的情態(tài)動詞往往是用于基于一定條件的推測,而不用于表示作為前提的時間或條件等。
When: 某一時刻
I’ll speak to him when he arrives.
I’ll tell him about it when he comes back.
When I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
When I got there, he had already left.
有時也可接延續(xù)動詞,如:
The doorbell rang when I was telephoning.
*When有時不作“當……時候”講,而是相當于“……,這時”,這是需要特別注意的用法。
A detective arrested a criminal and was about to handcuff him when a huge gust of wind blew the detective’s hat off.
考題
I was walking along the road ____ suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind. (CET-4)
a. immediately
b. when*
c. the moment
d. while
Whenever: 無論何時
Whenever you say “I love you”, mean it. Whenever you say “I’m sorry”, look the person right in the eyes.
Smile whenever you pick up the phone, for the caller will be able to notice it.
While: 相當于during that time, 表示一個時間段,故一般只接延續(xù)動詞。
The phone rang while I was taking my bath.
The doorbell rang while we were watching TV.
A detective arrested a criminal and was about to handcuff him when a huge gust of wind blew the detective’s hat off.
“Shall I go and fetch it?” the criminal asked. “Do you take me for a fool?” asked the detective. “You wait here while I go and get it!” (go and fetch整體上構(gòu)成時間段)
*由“同時”而引申,while表示的另一個重要的關(guān)系是“對比”。
??
until
單獨使用:主句謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞,表示“到……為止”。
Wait until he comes back.
We’ll stay here till it stops raining.
Until I came back, he was waiting for me at my home.
Not…until: 主句謂語動詞為短暫動詞,意為“直到……才”。
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
One will never realize how much and how little he knows until he starts talking.
Ice cream did not reach America until about the middle of the eighteenth century.
I didn’t go to bed until 12 o’clock last night.
He didn’t leave the office until his boss came back.
Not until: 主句倒裝
Not until he saw his mother did the little boy smile
It was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled. (為上句的強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu))
一……就……
as soon as, the minute/the moment/the instant, immediately, directly, instantly:
It began to rain as soon as/immediately/the moment I arrived home.
Hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Hardly/scarcely had I arrived home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we begun having dinner than the doorbell rang.
地點狀語從句
通常由where引導(dǎo)
Stay where you are.
After you are finished with the book, put it where it was.
A driver should slow down where there are schools.
The tree of this kind grows favorably where it is wet.
考題
——,work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental from. (TOEFL 2000)
a. They occur where they are
b. Occurring where
c. Where they occur*
d. Where do they occur
I have kept that portrait _____ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London. (96-01 CET-4)
a. which
b. where*
c. whether
d. when
也可由wherever, anywhere, everywhere引導(dǎo)
Wherever he happens to be, Clint can make himself at home.
Everywhere they appeared, there were ovations.
Wherever there is water, air and earth, there is vegetation.
原因狀語從句
because
表因果關(guān)系的語氣最強,用來回答why的問句,所引出的原因往往是聽話人所不知道或最感興趣的。
You want to know why I am leaving? I am leaving because I’m fed up with the job and boss.
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
在主句是否定的情況下,because從句的理解有兩種情形。
I didn’t attend the meeting because he was present too.
可能有以下歧義:
因為當時也有他出席,所以我沒有去參加這個會議。
我出席這次會議并不是因為有他參加。
I didn’t marry her because I lived her.
因為我愛她,所以我決定不跟她結(jié)婚。
我并不是因為愛她才和她結(jié)婚。
Since
表示人們已知的事實,不須強調(diào)的原因,故常譯成“既然……”,通常放在句首。
Since Monday is Bob’s birthday, let’s throw him a party.
Since everyone is here, let’s get started.
Since you are free tonight, why not drop in and play chess with me?
考題
You are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. (99-06 CET-6)
a. For
b. Since
c. Before
d. While
As
As與 since用法差不多,所引出的理由在說話人看來已經(jīng)很明顯,或已為聽話人所熟悉而不須用because加以強調(diào)。
She didn’t hear us come in as she was asleep.
I left a message as you weren’t there.
As Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be close.
I have to speak English with them, as the guys I live with don’t know any Chinese.
For
對前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或說明。
The days were short, for it was now December.
It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
比較:because it rained last night, the ground is wet this morning.
It must be morning, for the birds are singing.
Pay attention to your enemies, for they are the first to discover your mistakes.
比較:
as, for引導(dǎo)的主從句,重要性相對平等;
because從句則顯得比主句重要,強調(diào)原因;
since則從句次于主句,重在說明將要做什么事。
目的狀語從句
從屬連詞有:so that, in order that或that等,從句中常含有情態(tài)動詞。
They carved the words on the stone so that/in order that the future generation should/might remember what they had done.
We climbed high (so) that we might get a better view.
The teacher raised his voice in order that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
*聯(lián)想省略后的不定式in order to do/so as to do(邏輯主語或相同)或in order for sb to do(邏輯主語不同時)。
All the key words in the article are printed in bold type so as to attract readers’ attention.
We climbed high in order to get a better view.
They carved the words on the stone in order for the future generation to remember what they had done.
The teacher raised his voice in order for the students in the back to hear more clearly.
考題
____ Measure matter we must have units of weight, volume and length. (CET-4)
a. In order
b. In order to*
c. So as
d. So as to
*so as to不可用于句首。因為so本意為“如此”,只有先說了些什么,才談得上“如此”“怎樣”。
Lest, for fear(that), in case: 以免、以防,深怕……
Take an umbrella with you lest it should rain.
People evacuated the building for fear that the wall should collapse.
She cleans the window with great care lest she might break the window.
We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face, for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.
結(jié)果狀語從句
so…that, such…that, so (that), such that
a “John Hancock” is a person’s signature. John Hancock was the first person to sign the American “Declaration of Independence”. He signed it so large and bold that now we use his name to refer to anyone’s signature.
Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming or going.
Such that相當于so 形容詞
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
He anger was so explosive that he lost control of himself.
The weather is such that we can only stay in air-conditioned places.
The weather is so hot that we can only stay in air-conditioned places.
考題
the performance was such ____ the audience was deeply moved. (CET-4)
a. as
b. that*
c. so
d. so that
*省略式為so/such…as to, such as to
He was such a fool as to believe him.
He was so foolish as to believe him.
Her voice was such as to make everyone stare.
so bad as to make everyone stare.
so loud as to make everyone stare.
考題
His story is _____ to arouse our sympathy.
a. such as*
b. so sad
c. too sad
d. so sad as
The windows are ____ small as not to admit much light at all. (CET-4)
a. very
b. as
c. too
d. so*
Would you be _____ do me a favor, please? (CET-4)
a. so kind to
b. kind as to
c. as kind to
d. so kind as to*
so, such的區(qū)別
有不定冠詞時,兩者皆可用,用法不同
such a(an) 形容詞 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
so 形容詞 a(an) 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
so beautiful a flower
such a beautiful flower
so nice a day
such a nice day
無冠詞時,只用such
such beautiful flowers, such nice days
*so beautiful flowers
such nice weather, such great patience
so great patience
但表數(shù)量的形容詞前一般用so
so many flowers, so much patience, so much fun, so few cars, so little care
考題
Although apples do not grow during the cold seasons, apple trees must have a such season in order to flourish. (TOEFL)
Recently in the automobile industry, multinational companies have developed to the point where such few cars can be described as having been made entirely in one country. (TOEFL)
考題
the police called off their research for the survivors of the air crash because of ___.
a. such bad weather*
b. so bad
c. such a bad weather
d. too bad a weather
such直接與名詞相連, so直接與形容詞相連。
Such patience, such a fool, such a day, such weather
So stupid, so excited, so patient
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