職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)重要語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)(19)_職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)網(wǎng)校

where : 當(dāng)先行名詞在從句中當(dāng)"地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)"時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where連接

例如：

The crime rate rises in cities where the unemployment rate increases. (失業(yè)率高的城市犯罪率也高。) 句中的where = in cities, 表示行為發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)。

這里的要點(diǎn)是能否區(qū)分是用that (which) 還是用 where， 即：是做"主語(yǔ)、賓表語(yǔ)"，還是做"地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)"，例如：

I love the small town that we visited last week.

句中"town"做動(dòng)詞"visited"的賓語(yǔ)，即"參觀過(guò)的小鎮(zhèn)"，故用that連接。

I love the small town where I lived during my childhood.

句中"town" 是動(dòng)詞"lived"的地點(diǎn)，即"童年時(shí)住過(guò)的小鎮(zhèn)"，故用where.

這也是定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)。

when : 當(dāng)先行名詞在從句中當(dāng)"時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)"時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞when連接, 例如：

July is the month when we have a lot of rain. (七月是多雨的月份。)

注意"when"定語(yǔ)從句后推的現(xiàn)象，例如：

I think (that) the day will finally come when air pollution can be put under control. (我認(rèn)為空氣污染得以控制的一天最終會(huì)來(lái)到。)

放在主句后面作非限制定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)(前面一般加"，"號(hào))，"when"一般譯為"此時(shí)"，"那時(shí)", 例如：

The meeting will be put off until next month, when we will have made all the preparations. (會(huì)議將推遲到下月，那時(shí)一切就準(zhǔn)備就緒了。)

另一個(gè)關(guān)系副詞是why，由于它固定與the reason搭配, 即： the reason why，不難理解，一般也不作為考試的重點(diǎn)。例如：

This is the reason why the electronic computer cannot entirely replace man. 這就是(為什么)電子計(jì)算機(jī)不能完全代替人的原因。

whose (= of which / whom)：做先行詞(不管是人還是物)的定語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)為"…的"，不要考慮是否是限制性或非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 例如：

Pay attention to that boy whose temperature is very high. (理論上也可以寫(xiě)成：Pay attention to that boy the temperature of whom is very high. 注意那個(gè)男孩，他的體溫很高。(非限制性) / 注意那個(gè)體溫很高的男孩。(限制性)

介詞 which (whom)

先看兩個(gè)句子：

This is the house. He has lived in the house for over 30 years.

變?yōu)椤ㄕZ(yǔ)從句

This is the house in which he has lived for over 30 years.

上述句子中，先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)，形成"介詞 which / whom"的形式，考試時(shí)要求作出1)要不要介詞;2)若要，使用什么介詞的判斷。由于英語(yǔ)中介詞搭配多為習(xí)慣用法，沒(méi)有多少規(guī)律可循，因此這是定語(yǔ)從句考試的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。

記住四個(gè)字：瞻前顧后

瞻前：先看看先行詞一般與什么介詞搭配，例如：

There are occasions _____ which joking is not permissible.

→ Joking is not permissible _____ (certain) occasions.

常與occasion搭配的介詞是什么?on， 即：

Joking is not permissible on (certain) occasions. (有的場(chǎng)合是不容許開(kāi)玩笑的。)

↓

There are occasions on which joking is not permissible.

顧后：看看謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與什么介詞搭配，例如：

This car, ____ which I paid a lot of money, is now out of date.

→ I paid a lot of money ______ this car.

Pay (money) for something 是一個(gè)固定的搭配，因此應(yīng)填介詞 "for"

當(dāng)A、B、C、D中出現(xiàn) " 介詞 which / whom" 選項(xiàng)時(shí)，而你又確實(shí)看不懂時(shí)，應(yīng)傾向于選擇" 介詞 which / whom"的形式，例如：

The two elements _____ water is made are the gases oxygen and hydrogen.

A. that

B. which

C. with which

D. of which

傾向選擇C、D;正確答案D，"be made of "(由…組成):

The two elements are gases (oxygen and hydrogen).

Water is made of the two elements.

兩個(gè)句子一合并，便是該句選擇。

(四)其他應(yīng)注意的確問(wèn)題：

(1) 同位語(yǔ)從句只能用"that"連接

常見(jiàn)的同位語(yǔ)先行詞有：fact(事實(shí)), possibility(可能), idea(想法), belief(相信), doubt(疑問(wèn)), news(消息), order(命令), promise(承諾), evidence(證據(jù)), suggestion(建議)等，例如：

Is there any possibility that all the villagers can send their children to school?(有沒(méi)有這種可能，所有村民都能送他們的孩子上學(xué)?)

There can be no doubt that he is a qualified doctor.(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他是個(gè)合格的醫(yī)生。)

(2) "as" 也可以做關(guān)系代詞用于連接定語(yǔ)從句，特別是在"such…as…", "the same as…" 以及"正如…"的結(jié)構(gòu)中，例如：

I have never seen a thing as he described. (我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)他所描述的那種事。)

As was expected, the performance was a great success. (正如所料，演出獲得了巨大成功。)

把該句理解為：The performance was a great success, which was expected，就比較容易理解as的這種用法。

將定語(yǔ)從句的連接用三句話歸納一下：

↗ 人用who / whom

(1)先行詞在從句中當(dāng)主、賓、表語(yǔ) →定語(yǔ)用whose

↘ 物用that (= which)/ 非限制用which

↗地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)用：where

(2)先行詞在從句中當(dāng) →原因狀語(yǔ)(reason)用：why

↘ 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)用：when

(3)介詞 which / whom結(jié)構(gòu)：瞻前顧后

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